List of Pacific hurricanes

This is a list of notable Pacific hurricanes, subdivided by reason for notability. Notability means that it has met some criterion or achieved some statistic, or is part of a top ten for some superlative. It includes lists and rankings of Pacific hurricanes by different characteristics and impacts.

Characteristics include extremes of location, such as the northernmost or most equator-ward formation or position of a tropical cyclone. Other characteristics include its central pressure, windspeed, Category on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, or cyclogenesis outside of a normal hurricane season's timeframe. Another characteristic is how long a system went from formation to dissipation. Impacts are what the cyclone did. These include the cost of damage, the number of casualties, as well as meteorological statistics such as rainfall point maxima.

Contents

Impact

Retired names

Main article: List of retired Pacific hurricane names
Eastern
Ismael • Pauline • Kenna  • Alma (TS)
Central
Iwa • Iniki • Paka • Ioke

Additionally, Adolph and Israel were removed from the list of names during and after the 2001 season due to political sensitivities. Knut was removed from the list in 1988 for unknown reasons. Adele, Iva, and Fefa were also removed in 1970, 1988, and 1991 respectively for unknown reasons. Hazel was replaced in 1965.[1]

Unnamed but historically significant

Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Name Year Notes
San Diego hurricane 1858 Strongest tropical cyclone to affect California[2]
California tropical storm 1939 Only known modern landfall in California[3]
Mazatlán hurricane 1943 100 deaths
Texas hurricane 1949 Most intense Pacific-Atlantic crossover[4]
Mexico hurricane 1959 Most intense landfall[5]

Storms causing 100 or more deaths

The following tropical cyclones killed 100 or more people.

Deaths Name Year
1500–2000+ 1959 Mexico Hurricane 1959[6][7][8]
1008+ Hurricane Paul 1982[9]
600–950+ Hurricane Liza 1976[7][10][11]
500 Hurricane Tara 1961[12]
230–400 Hurricane Pauline 1997[13]
320 Tropical Storm Agatha 2010[14]
135 Hurricane Tico 1983[15]
105 Hurricane Ismael 1995[16]
102 Tropical Depression Eleven-E 2010
100+ 1931 hurricane 1931[17]
100 1943 Mazatlán hurricane 1943[18]

Storms causing more than $100 million (2009 USD) in damage

All of these storms caused at least 100 million USD (adjusted to 2009) in damage. Iniki and Iwa are central Pacific systems; the remainder are from eastern Pacific proper.

Cost
(millions)		 Name Year Location
$9338 Hurricane Pauline 1997 Mexico[19]
$3169 Hurricane Iniki 1992 Hawaii[20]
$1820 Hurricane Paul 1982 Mexico, Central America
$1620 Tropical Storm Agatha 2010 Central America
$739 Hurricane Olivia 1982 California
$716 Hurricane Norbert 2008 Mexico[21][22][23]
$580 Hurricane Kathleen 1976 Mexico, California, Arizona[24]
$536 Hurricane Iwa 1982 Hawaii[25]
$514 Tropical Depression Eleven-E 2010 Guatemala, Costa Rica[24]
$325 Hurricane Tico 1983 Mexico, Oklahoma[24]
$317 Lidia & Norma (see below) 1981 Mexico, Texas[26][27]
$201 Hurricane Bridget 1971 Mexico[28]
$125 Hurricane Nora 1997 Mexico, California, Arizona[29]
$116 Hurricane Kenna 2002 Mexico[30]
$113 Hurricane Lane 2006 Mexico[31]
Source for inflation:[32]

Tropical Storm Lidia and Hurricane Norma hit Mexico within a week of each other in 1981. Conflated together, they caused $84 million (1981 USD) in damage. Hence it is possible that Lidia is on the list if it caused most of that damage total.[26] Hurricane Norma is definitely on the most-damaging list since its remnants caused $50 million in damage in Texas.[27]

Seasonal activity and records

In the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's (CPHC) area of responsibility (AOR), the seasons with the most tropical cyclones are 1992 and 1994, each with 11 cyclones. A season without cyclones has happened a few times since 1966, most recently in 1979.[33]

Highest

Year NHC's AOR CPHC's AOR Total
Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes
Minor Major Minor Major
1992 season 10 6 9 1 1 2 28
1985 season 10 4 8 1 1 0 24
1982 season 8 6 5 3 1 0 23
1983 season 9 4 8 0 0 0 21
1990 season 4 10 6 1 0 0 21

Lowest

Before 1971 and especially 1966, data in this basin is extremely unreliable. The geostationary satellite era began in 1966,[34] and that year is often considered the first year of reliable tropical records.[35] Intensity estimates are most reliable starting in the 1971 season. A few years later, the Dvorak technique came into use. Those two factors make intensity estimates more reliable starting in that year.[35] For these reasons, seasons prior to 1971 are not included.

Year NHC's AOR CPH's AOR Total
Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes
Minor Major Minor Major
2010 season 4 1 2 1 0 0 8
1977 season 4 4 0 0 0 0 8
1996 season 4 3 2 0 0 0 9
1999 season 3 4 2 0 0 0 9
1995 season 3 4 3 0 0 0 10
1979 season 4 2 4 0 0 0 10

Naming history

Naming of tropical cyclones in the eastern north Pacific began in the 1960 season. That year, four lists of names were created. The plan was to proceed in a manner similar to that of the western Pacific; that is, the name of the first storm in one season would be the next unused one from the same list, and when the bottom of one list was reached the next list was started. This scheme was abandoned in 1965 and next year, the lists started being recycled on a four-year rotation, starting with the A name each year.[36] That same general scheme remains in use today, although the names and lists are different. On average, the eastern north Pacific sees about sixteen named storms per year.[37]

Named storms per month

Before 1971 and especially 1966, data in this basin is extremely unreliable. The geostationary satellite era began in 1966,[34] and that year is often considered the first year of reliable tropical records.[35] Intensity estimates are more reliable starting in the 1971 season. A few years later, the Dvorak technique came into use. Those two make intensity estimates more reliable starting in that year.[35] For these reasons, seasons before 1971 are not included in the lowest column.

Month Most named Least named
Number Season Number Season
Pre-season 2 1992 0 Many†
Late May 2 1956
1984
2007		 0 Many†
June 5 1985 0 2004
2006
2007
July 7 1985 0 1966
2010
August 9 1968
2009		 0 1996
September 6 1966
2005		 1 Many†
October 5 1992 0 Many†
November 2 2006 0 Many†

† Shared by more than three seasons. Source:[38]

Off-season storms

Main article: List of off-season Pacific hurricanes

Hurricane season runs from May 15 to November 30.[39] Only systems that formed off-season in this basin are included.

Strength

Category 5

Main article: List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
1950s
1970s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Book:Category 5 Pacific hurricanes  • Category:Category 5 Pacific hurricanes  • Portal:Tropical cyclones

Since 1959, only 14 Pacific hurricanes are known to have reached Category 5 and only one made landfall while at this intensity.[38]

Category 4

Main article: List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes

Since 1900, 95 Pacific hurricanes have attained Category 4 intensity, of which four made landfall at that strength.[38]

Duration records

This lists all Pacific hurricanes that existed as tropical cyclones while in the Pacific Ocean east of the dateline for more than two weeks continuously. Hurricanes John and Dora spent some time in the west Pacific before dissipating. John spent eleven days west of the dateline; if that time was included John would have existed for a total of 30 days and 18 hours, a world record, while including Dora's time in the west Pacific would mean that it existed for exactly 18 days.[44] One Atlantic hurricane, Hurricane Joan, crossed into this basin and was renamed Miriam,[47] giving it a total lifespan of 22 days,[48] but not all of that was in the Pacific. 1993's Greg formed from the remnants of 1993's Tropical Storm Bret.[47] Its time as an Atlantic system is excluded.

All of these systems except Trudy, Olaf, and Connie existed in both the east and central Pacific, and all except Olaf were hurricanes. Hurricane Trudy of 1990 is thus the longest lived eastern Pacific hurricane to stay in the eastern Pacific. Tropical Storm Olaf of 1997 is hence the longest-lived eastern Pacific tropical cyclone not to reach hurricane intensity.[44]

No known tropical cyclone forming in the central north Pacific lasted for longer than 14 days without crossing into another basin.[44] The tropical cyclone forming in the central Pacific that spent the most time there was 1988's Hurricane Uleki at 11.5 days from formation to crossing the dateline.[49]

Duration (days) Name Season
24.50 Tina 1992
20.00 Fico 1978
19.00 John 1994
17.50 Kevin 1991
16.75 Trudy 1990
16.50 Guillermo 1997
16.50 Olaf 1997
16.25 Kenneth 2005
16.25 Celeste 1972
16.25 Doreen 1973
16.00 Daniel 1982
15.25 Connie 1974
14.50 Kay 1980
14.00 Marie 1990
14.00 Greg 1993
14.00 Dora 1999
Source:[44]

Before the weather satellite era began, the lifespans of many Pacific hurricanes may be underestimated.[35]

Crossover storms from Eastern Pacific to Atlantic

See also: List of Atlantic–Pacific crossover hurricanes

This includes only systems which stayed a tropical cyclone during the passage or that maintained a circulation during the crossover.

Season Storm (Pacific) Storm (Atlantic)
1842 Unnamed Unnamed[50]
1902 Unnamed tropical depression Unnamed[51]
1923 Unnamed Unnamed[52]
1949 Unnamed Unnamed[47]
1961 Simone Inga (see below)[53]
1965 Unnamed tropical depression Unnamed[54]
1989 Cosme Allison[47]

In addition to those, there are apparently two additional ones. One existed before 1856 and made it to the Gulf of Mexico.[55] Another Pacific tropical cyclone crossed over central Mexico and also made it to the Gulf sometime after September 9, 1924.[55]

With reanalysis, doubt has arisen over whether Tropical Storm Simone, the renamed Hurricane Hattie, recrossed the North American continent and actually became Tropical Storm Inga.[53]

It used to be that when a Pacific named storm crossed North America and made it to the Atlantic (or vice versa), it would receive the next name on the respective basin's list. This policy has since been changed to a tropical cyclone keeping its name if it remains a tropical cyclone during the entire passage. Only if it dissipates and then re-forms does it get renamed.[56]

Crossover storms from Eastern Pacific to Western Pacific

Neither eastern Pacific tropical cyclones passing 140°W, nor central Pacific tropical cyclones crossing the Dateline are notable events, However, very few eastern Pacific proper cyclones that enter the central Pacific make it to the dateline.

Name Season
Georgette† 1986[57]
Enrique† 1991[58]
Li‡ 1994[59]
John 1994[60]
Dora 1999[61]
Jimena 2003[62]

† System ceased to be a tropical cyclone before crossing the dateline and subsequently reforming.

‡ Hurricane/Typhoon Li formed in the eastern Pacific, right at the boundary with the central, but was not named until it crossed into the central Pacific.

Intensity records

Ten most intense

The apparent increase in recent seasons is spurious; it is due to better estimation and measurement, not an increase in intense storms. That is, until 1988, Pacific hurricanes generally did not have their central pressures measured or estimated from satellite imagery.

Rank Hurricane Year Pressure
1 Linda 1997 902 mbar*
2 Rick 2009 906 mbar *
3 Kenna 2002 913 mbar‡
4 Ava 1973 915 mbar†
Ioke 2006 915 mbar*
6 Guillermo 1997 919 mbar*
7 Gilma 1994 920 mbar*
8 Elida 2002 921 mbar*
Hernan 2002 921 mbar*
Celia 1994 921 mbar*
Source:[38]

* Estimated from satellite imagery

‡ Measured and adjusted

† Measured

~ Pressure while East of the International Dateline

Strongest landfalls

Landfalling Pacific major hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by wind speed
Hurricane Season Landfall winds Source
Unnamed 1959 160 mph (257.50 km/h) [63]
Kenna 2002 150 mph (241.40 km/h) [64]
Iniki 1992 145 mph (233.35 km/h) [65]
Liza 1976 145 mph (233.35 km/h) [66]
Madeline 1976 145 mph (233.35 km/h) [66]
Lane 2006 125 mph (201.17 km/h) [67]
Olivia 1967 125 mph (201.17 km/h) [63]
Tico 1983 125 mph (201.17 km/h) [68]
Kiko 1989 120 mph (193.12 km/h) [69]
Olivia 1975 115 mph (185.07 km/h) [70]

Strongest storm in each month

Month Name Year Minimum pressure
January Ekeka 1992 unknown‡ mb (hPa)
February Unnamed 1922 unknown mb (hPa)[42]
March Hali† 1992 unknown mb (hPa)
April Carmen†* 1980 unknown‡ mb (hPa[71]
May Adolph 2001 940 mb (hPa)
June Ava 1973 915 mb (hPa)
July Gilma 1994 919 mb (hPa)
August Ioke 2006 915 mb (hPa)
September Linda 1997 902 mb (hPa)
October Rick 2009 906 mb (hPa)
November Kenneth 2011 943 mb (hPa)
December Omeka 2010 997 mb (hPa)
Source (except where another is given):[44]

† This tropical cyclone is the strongest to form in its month by virtue of its being the only known system.

Unusual landfall locations

California

See also: List of California hurricanes

Hawaii

See also: List of Hawaii hurricanes

Wettest tropical cyclones

See also: list of wettest tropical cyclones by country

All of these values are point maxima.

Mexico

See also: Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
Precipitation Name Season Measuring
Station
Rank Inches Millimeters
1 39.80 1011 Juliette 2001 Cuadano/Santiago[81]
2 27.01 686.0 Pauline 1997 San Luis Acatlan[82]
3 24.73 628.1 Odile 1984 Costa Azul/Acapulco[83]
4 24.02 610.1 Isis 1998 Caduano/Santiago[84]
5 22.44 570.0 Flossie 2001 Suchixtlahuaca[85]
6 22.32 566.9 Greg 1999 Tecoman[86]
7 20.94 531.9 Nora 1997 La Cruz/Elota[87]
8 20.68 525.3 Eugene 1987 Aquila[88]
9 20.59 523.0 Lidia 1981 El Varonjal/Badiraguato[89]
10 19.69 500.1 Ignacio 2003 Yeneca/Los Cabos[90]

Hawaii

See also: United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
Precipitation Name Season Measuring
Station
Rank Inches Millimeters
1 52.00 1321 Hiki 1950 Kanalohuluhulu Ranger Station[91]
2 38.76 984.5 Paul 2000 Kapapala Ranch[92]
3 25.00 635.0 Maggie 1970 Unavailable[93]
4 20.42 518.7 Nina 1957 Unavailable[94]
5 20.33 516.4 Iwa 1982 Intake Wainiha 1086[91]
6 18.75 476.3 Fabio 1988 Papaikou Mauka 140.1[91]
7 15.00 381.0 TD One-C 1994 Unavailable[59]
8 12.70 322.6 Unnamed 1906 Unavailable[41]
9 12.00 304.8 Diana 1972 Unavailable[95]
12.00 304.8 B 1967 Unavailable[96]
12.00 304.8 Kenneth 2005 Unavailable[97]

Continental United States

See also: United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
Precipitation Name Season Measuring
Station
Rank Inches Millimeters
1 21.01 533.7 Norma 1981 Breckenridge, Texas[98]
2 16.95 430.5 Tico 1983 Chickasha, Oklahoma[99]
3 14.76 374.9 Kathleen 1976 San Gorgonio, California[100]
4 13.80 350.5 Roslyn 1986 Matagorda Texas #2[101]
5 12.01 305.1 Nora 1997 Harquahala Mountains[87]
6 12.00 304.8 Octave 1983 Mount Graham[102]
7 11.92 302.8 Norma 1970 Workman Creek[103]
8 11.60 294.6 Unnamed 1939 Mount Wilson[73]
9 11.35 288.3 Paine 1986 Fort Scott, Kansas[104]
10 8.53 216.7 Ismael 1995 Hobbs, New Mexico[105]

Overall

Precipitation Name Season Measuring
Station		 Location
Rank Inches Millimeters
1 52.00 1321 Hiki 1950 Unavailable Hawaii[41]
2 39.80 1011 Juliette 2001 Cuadano/Santiago Mexico[81]
3 38.76 984.5 Paul 2000 Kapapala Ranch Hawaii[92]
4 27.01 686.0 Pauline 1997 San Luis Acatlan Mexico[82]
5 25.00 635.0 Maggie 1970 Unavailable Hawaii[93]
6 24.73 628.1 Odile 1984 Costa Azul/Acapulco Mexico[83]
7 24.02 610.1 Isis 1998 Caduano/Santiago Mexico[84]
8 22.44 570.0 Flossie 2001 Suchixtlahuaca Mexico[85]
9 22.32 566.9 Greg 1999 Tecoman Mexico[86]
10 21.01 533.7 Norma 1981 Breckenridge, Texas USA[98]

Worldwide cyclone records set by Pacific storms

See also

References

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